自殺—大腦當機狀態下的衝動決策和行動


亞洲燒炭自殺起源地的香港,在 2006 至 2007 年間,以自殺率、燒炭自殺率、人口數及組成相近的屯門和元朗進行大規模實驗。屯門為實驗組,木炭全面從主要連鎖賣場下架;元朗為對照組,木炭維持開架販售。為期一年的實驗結束後,屯門自殺率降低31.8%、燒炭自殺率降低 53.5%,元朗自殺率降低 1.6%、燒炭自殺率增加 43.3%(Yip et al., 2010)。英國在限制二項止痛藥單次購買量後,使用該品項藥物自殺率分別減少二成及五成(Keith, 2002);香港在地鐵月台架設安全門後,跳軌自殺率減少六成(Law et al., 2009);斯里蘭卡管制劇毒殺蟲劑後,農藥自殺率減少五成(Gunnell et al., 2007; Knipe et al., 2017),同時上述地區整體自殺率也都同步降低。這樣的例子不勝枚舉,當某些自殺方法變得較不便利,想採用這些方法自殺但被阻礙的人往往就會終止自殺行動,也不會改用其他方法自殺。為什麼呢?自殺通常是未經深思熟慮的莽撞行事,出門後買不到木炭、買不到足夠數量的止痛藥、買不到劇毒農藥、還要爬過安全門才能跳軌,等於中斷了當下縈繞不去的自殺想法和行為,讓人冷靜下來重新思考當前困境,自殺衝動就有機會被抑止。 


衝動結束寶貴生命的行為,其實反映了當下大腦功能異常。大腦正常狀態下的行為與情緒反應,涉及許多區域之間的交互作用。簡單來說,古老而原始的邊緣系統(limbic system)發動情緒和生存反應,高等動物才有的前額葉皮質(prefrontal cortex)掌管高階行為和情緒功能,例如自我意識與人格、統合當前資訊與過去記憶、衝動控制、專注力、決定並維持行動、調節情緒等,而白質(white matter)負責區域間訊息傳遞。自殺未遂者腦造影研究顯示前額葉皮質功能異常(Ding et al., 2017; Jollant et al., 2008; Mahon, Burdick, Wu, Ardekani, & Szeszko, 2012),亦即,他們較無法統整內外資訊以擬定和執行合宜因應對策,也較無法抑制衝動及調節情緒;另外一些研究顯示自殺未遂者前額葉皮質連結邊緣系統的白質功能不彰(Cao et al., 2015; Johnston et al., 2017; Monkul et al., 2007; Wagner et al., 2011),換句話說,即便前額葉皮質運作正常,訊息也無法傳遞至邊緣系統,導致高漲滿溢的情緒和衝動始終降不下來。綜合上述,當前額葉皮質以及前額葉皮質連結邊緣系統的白質出狀況,負責本能快速反應的邊緣系統就會接手掌控因應行為,因而做出自殺的錯誤決策,就好比電腦 CPU 或是主機板故障,當然跑不出正確數值,最後顯示亂碼或藍屏。 


根據現代自殺學之父 Edwin S. Schneidman(1993, 1998)的心理痛苦理論(psychache theory),以及認知治療之父 Aaron T. Beck 的無望感與自殺信念系統(Beck et al., 1990; Beck, Kovacs, & Weissman, 1975; Beck, Steer, Kovacs, & Garrison, 1985; Weishaar & Beck, 1990),個人在經歷了巨大、極端或長時間的情緒折磨,會開始覺得自己無法承受這樣的痛苦、沒有其他人在乎或瞭解自己的痛苦、抑或沒有能力和資源解決痛苦,因而失去對自己和未來的希望,這種負向思考逐漸固執僵化,當內心被「自殺是唯一出口/解決方式」的聲音佔據,就會自殺。因為當痛苦超過身心負荷時,就會讓大腦當機,所以誤認為沒有其他方法、唯有自殺才能解除痛苦,又因為大腦當機而無法延宕滿足,就衝動地執行自殺。


筆者擔任暨大諮商中心主任近三年,期間所有意圖結束生命的自殺未遂案主都由筆者負責初談,另有二次現場介入高致命風險自殺行動,最終都成功解除危機。筆者進行自殺危機介入或者初談的參照架構,運用的是美國聯邦調查局(Federal Bureau of Investigation)危機談判組(Crisis Negotiation Unit; CNU)發表的五階段行為改變模式(Behavioral Change Stairway Model)(Vecchi, VanHasselt, &Romano, 2005)。CNU 認為,危機是個體被情境壓垮後的強烈情緒與非理性狀態,談判人員在第一階段要積極傾聽(active listening),接著第二階段同理(empathy)、第三階段投契關係(rapport)、第四階段影響力(influence),而要達成最後的第五階段行為改變—危機解除(behavioral change—the successful resolution of the crisis),就必須依序成功執行前面第一至四階段。研究顯示,簡單的同理反應就可以增加前額葉活動、強化前額葉與邊緣系統連結、並且降低邊緣系統活動(Hariri, Bookheimer, & Mazziotta, 2000; Liebermanetal., 2007),就好比提升硬體效能、改善接觸不良,讓電腦重新恢復運作。更別提人作為一種群居性動物,對於被聽到、被理解、被接納的根本渴望。 


此外,自殺學理論能幫助實務工作者瞭解並回應案主的痛苦與無望,而疼痛醫學知識以及灌注希望感技術則有益穩定案主身心,同時自殺學理論和相關實徵研究結果可做為風險評估及後續跨系統合作處遇的重要參考。這些知識和技術,不僅能應用在自殺危機處遇,對其他心理衛生實務工作也很有幫助。至於實務工作者更常接觸到的非自殺性自我傷害(nonsuicidal self-injury; NSSI),那又是另外一回事了,有機會再與讀者做分享。  





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